Research suggests that dairy consumption may be associated with acne in some people, but the relationship is not fully understood, and dairy has not been shown to cause acne in everyone. Individual responses vary, and many people consume dairy without noticing any effect on their skin.
Several theories have been proposed to explain this possible association:
- Hormonal effects: Milk naturally contains hormones and other biologically active compounds that may influence pathways involved in acne in susceptible individuals.
- Insulin-like growth factor 1: Drinking milk may increase IGF-1 levels, which can stimulate oil (sebum) production and skin cell growth, potentially contributing to clogged pores.
- Insulin response: Some dairy products may increase insulin levels, which can affect hormones involved in acne development.
Research findings include:
- Some observational studies have found an association between milk consumption—particularly skim milk—and acne.
- Other dairy products, such as yogurt and cheese, have shown less consistent associations with acne.
- Observational studies can identify links but cannot prove that dairy causes acne, because other factors may influence the results.
Because the evidence is mixed:
- There is no recommendation that everyone with acne should avoid dairy.
- If someone notices that acne consistently worsens after consuming certain dairy products, it may be reasonable to discuss a trial of reducing those foods with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian.
- Any dietary changes should still provide adequate calcium, vitamin D, protein, and other essential nutrients.
For most people, acne management is most effective when dietary considerations are combined with evidence-based treatments, appropriate skincare, and, when needed, guidance from a healthcare professional. If dietary factors appear to play a role, they are generally considered one part of a comprehensive treatment plan rather than the sole focus.
