The world around us is a tapestry woven with countless materials, and at the heart of this intricate design are polymers and plastics.
These substances, often taken for granted, play a significant role in our daily lives—from the toys we cherish to the containers that keep our food fresh.
But what exactly are they, and how do they impact our lives and the environment? Let’s delve into the fascinating science of polymers and plastics, exploring their origins, their uses, and the evolving conversation surrounding their sustainability.
Retinoids help normalize skin cell turnover by influencing how keratinocytes grow, mature, and shed within the hair follicle. In acne-prone skin, one of the earliest abnormalities occurs at the level of follicular keratinization. Instead of shedding individually, dead skin cells become sticky and accumulate inside the pore. When combined with sebum, this buildup forms microcomedones, which can later develop into blackheads, whiteheads, and inflammatory acne lesions. Retinoids bind to nuclear retinoic acid receptors in skin cells, altering gene expression in a way that promotes more orderly desquamation. This reduces the formation of clogged pores and helps keep follicles clear before visible breakouts develop.
Abnormal cell turnover does not occur in isolation. Hormonal influences, particularly androgens, can increase sebum production, creating an environment where retained skin cells are more likely to mix with oil and obstruct pores. Genetics may also influence how readily follicles become clogged. Environmental factors such as humidity, occlusive skincare products, and friction can further contribute to congestion. In individuals with oily skin, excess sebum can amplify the impact of irregular shedding, making consistent pore turnover especially important. Retinoids address this foundational step in acne development by targeting the microcomedone stage, which is why they are commonly used in both comedonal acne and mixed inflammatory acne.
Topical retinoids available by prescription, including tretinoin, adapalene, and tazarotene, are often recommended as first-line treatments for acne because they directly correct disordered keratinization. Over-the-counter retinol and retinaldehyde are converted in the skin to active retinoic acid and may help improve mild clogged pores and uneven texture, although they typically act more gradually. By maintaining clearer follicles, retinoids can also enhance penetration of other acne treatments such as salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide. Salicylic acid works within the pore as a lipid-soluble exfoliant, while benzoyl peroxide targets acne-causing bacteria and reduces inflammation. Niacinamide may be added to support the skin barrier and reduce irritation, which is particularly relevant because retinoids can initially cause dryness, peeling, and sensitivity.
Skin barrier function plays an important role in tolerability. When retinoids are introduced too aggressively, irritation can disrupt the barrier, potentially increasing redness and discomfort. Gradual introduction, appropriate moisturization, and daily sunscreen use are often recommended to minimize these effects. Because retinoids increase cell turnover, they can make skin more sensitive to ultraviolet exposure. Supporting the barrier with non-comedogenic moisturizers helps maintain hydration without contributing to clogged pores.
Professional guidance may be appropriate for individuals with persistent, severe, or hormonally driven acne. Dermatologists may adjust retinoid strength, combine therapies, or consider systemic treatments when topical options alone are insufficient. Improvement in acne typically takes several weeks, as normalization of the follicular cycle requires time. Initial purging may occur as microcomedones surface more quickly, but this phase is usually temporary.
Retinoids do not permanently cure acne, but they are among the most evidence-supported ingredients for regulating skin cell turnover and preventing new comedones from forming. With consistent use, realistic expectations, and appropriate medical oversight when needed, they can play a central role in long-term acne management .
