Understanding Solutions and Suspensions
In our daily lives, we often encounter various forms of substances, whether in our kitchens, bathrooms, or even in our favorite beverages.
Two common categories that play significant roles in these substances are solutions and suspensions.
While they may seem similar at first glance, they possess unique characteristics that set them apart.
Sebum plays a central role in the development of acne because it directly influences the environment within the hair follicle. Sebum is an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands that are attached to hair follicles throughout the face, chest, and back. Its primary biological function is to lubricate the skin, support barrier integrity, and provide antioxidant protection. Under normal conditions, sebum travels up the follicle and spreads across the skin surface. In acne-prone skin, however, increased sebum production combined with abnormal follicular keratinization creates an environment where pores become clogged, forming comedones that may later progress to inflammatory lesions.
The process begins with hormonal stimulation of sebaceous glands, particularly by androgens. During puberty and other periods of hormonal fluctuation, sebaceous glands enlarge and produce more oil. Excess sebum alone does not cause acne, but it contributes to the formation of microcomedones when it mixes with retained dead skin cells inside the pore. This combination forms a plug that obstructs the follicular opening. When the pore remains open, the material oxidizes and forms blackheads. When the pore opening is closed, whiteheads develop. In both cases, sebum serves as a structural component of the clogged pore.
Sebum also influences the microbial balance within the follicle. Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterium naturally present on the skin, thrives in lipid-rich environments. When excess sebum accumulates within a blocked follicle, bacterial proliferation may increase. This can trigger an immune response, leading to redness, swelling, and the development of inflammatory papules or pustules. The composition of sebum may also matter. Research suggests that alterations in sebum lipid profiles, including changes in free fatty acids and squalene oxidation, may contribute to inflammation and comedone formation in acne-prone individuals.
Genetics play a role in determining baseline sebum production and sebaceous gland sensitivity to hormones. Some individuals naturally produce more oil or have sebaceous glands that respond more strongly to androgen signals. Environmental factors may further influence sebum output. High humidity can increase perceived oiliness, while stress-related hormonal shifts may stimulate additional oil production. Skincare habits also interact with sebum dynamics. Over-cleansing or using harsh products can disrupt the skin barrier, potentially prompting compensatory oil production in some individuals. Conversely, heavy occlusive products may trap sebum within pores, increasing the likelihood of congestion in susceptible skin.
Effective acne management often involves strategies aimed at regulating sebum production and preventing pore obstruction. Topical retinoids are commonly recommended because they normalize follicular keratinization and reduce microcomedone formation. While retinoids do not directly suppress sebaceous gland activity in the way that oral isotretinoin does, they help prevent the buildup of sebum and keratin within the pore. Salicylic acid, a beta hydroxy acid, is frequently used for oily skin because its oil-soluble properties allow it to penetrate into the follicle and assist with dissolving debris. Niacinamide may help improve barrier function and can contribute to modest regulation of oil production.
Benzoyl peroxide is often incorporated when inflammatory acne is present, as it reduces bacterial load within the follicle. In cases of severe acne driven by markedly increased sebum production, dermatologists may consider systemic therapies. Oral isotretinoin significantly reduces sebaceous gland size and sebum output, while certain hormonal therapies may decrease androgen-mediated oil production in appropriate patients. These treatments require professional supervision due to potential side effects and contraindications.
It is important to recognize that sebum itself is not harmful and plays an essential protective role in skin health. Completely eliminating oil production is neither possible nor desirable. The goal of acne-focused skincare is to maintain balance by supporting healthy desquamation, minimizing pore blockage, and reducing inflammation without impairing the skin barrier. Improvements in oily skin and comedonal acne typically occur gradually over several weeks of consistent care. Individuals with persistent, widespread, or scarring acne should seek evaluation from a qualified healthcare professional to develop a personalized, evidence-informed treatment plan.
