The physics of levers and pulleys may seem like a topic reserved for classrooms and textbooks, but the principles behind these simple machines permeate our daily lives in ways we often overlook.
Understanding these fundamental concepts can not only enrich our appreciation for the world around us but also inspire a sense of wonder about how we interact with our environment.
At the heart of the lever is a simple yet profound idea: a small effort can produce a larger effect.
Pores appear enlarged when structural and functional changes occur within the pilosebaceous unit, which includes the hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland. Each pore is the visible opening of a follicle that allows sebum to travel to the skin surface. Sebum plays a protective role by supporting barrier function and maintaining hydration. However, when sebum production increases and combines with retained keratinocytes inside the follicle, the resulting buildup can stretch the pore opening. Over time, repeated congestion from comedones such as blackheads may contribute to a visibly widened appearance.
Abnormal follicular keratinization is a key contributor to pore enlargement. When dead skin cells do not shed properly, they accumulate within the follicle and form a plug. If the pore remains open, oxidation of trapped debris produces the dark surface associated with blackheads. Persistent clogging can lead to mechanical dilation of the pore opening. Inflammatory acne may further weaken surrounding collagen and elastin, reducing structural support and making pores look larger. While pore size is largely determined by genetics, environmental and behavioral factors can influence how prominent they appear.
Hormonal fluctuations, particularly increased androgen activity, stimulate sebaceous glands to produce more oil. Individuals with oily skin often notice more visible pores because higher sebum output increases the likelihood of clogged pores and surface shine. Aging also plays a role. As collagen production gradually declines, the skin loses firmness, which can cause pores to appear more elongated or pronounced. Sun exposure accelerates collagen breakdown and may worsen this effect. In addition, heavy or comedogenic skincare products can contribute to congestion, while aggressive cleansing or over-exfoliation may disrupt the skin barrier and trigger irritation that affects overall texture.
Although pore size cannot be permanently reduced, several evidence-informed strategies may help minimize their appearance. Topical retinoids are frequently recommended because they normalize cell turnover within the follicle and reduce microcomedone formation. By preventing buildup and supporting collagen synthesis over time, retinoids may improve overall skin smoothness. Salicylic acid, a beta hydroxy acid, is oil-soluble and can penetrate into pores to help dissolve accumulated debris. Regular use may reduce blackheads and contribute to a clearer pore opening. Niacinamide may help regulate oil production modestly and improve barrier resilience, which can refine the look of uneven texture.
Consistent sunscreen use is essential, as ultraviolet exposure accelerates collagen degradation and can worsen the appearance of enlarged pores. Gentle cleansing twice daily with non-comedogenic products helps remove excess oil without stripping the skin. Professional treatments such as chemical peels, microneedling, or laser therapies may be considered in certain cases to support collagen remodeling, but these options require evaluation by a qualified dermatology professional.
It is important to set realistic expectations. Pores are a normal anatomical structure and cannot be eliminated. Improvements typically reflect reduced congestion, balanced oil production, and enhanced skin firmness rather than true shrinkage of the pore itself. With consistent skincare that addresses sebum regulation, follicular keratinization, and barrier preservation, the appearance of enlarged pores can often be noticeably improved over time. Persistent acne, significant inflammation, or textural concerns should be assessed by a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment approach.
